index
Note: Illustrations are indicated by page numbers in italics.
A
Aaron, Hank, 57
Abernathy, Ralph David, 66, 77, 147
Abrams, Stacey, 102
Agnes Scott College, 87
Ali, Muhammad, 116
Allen, Ivan, Jr., 108, 163, 164, 167
Alpin, Harry S., 124
Amos, Moses, 57, 89, 104
Archibong, Natalyn, 102
Atlanta BeltLine, 176, 178, 179, 186–189, 187
Atlanta Benevolent and Protective Association, 144
Atlanta Civic and Political League, 83, 98
Atlanta Compromise, 26, 192
Atlanta Daily World Building, 123–129, 126, 128
Atlanta Life Insurance Company, 134–137, 136
Atlanta Massacre, 26, 135, 176, 192–193
Atlanta Negro Voters League, 84
Atlanta Nine, 126
Atlanta Student Movement, 125
Auburn Avenue, 1
Auburn Avenue Research Library on African American Culture and History, 105, 142, 148–150, 149, 151
B
Bailey’s Royal Theatre, 89
Baker, Ella Josephine, 67–68, 77
Ball, Jennifer, 99
Balzer, Bill, 168
Balzer, Peg, 168
Barber, Jesse Max, 25, 26
BeltLine, 176, 178, 179, 186–189, 187
Bethune, Mary McLeod, 98
Bevel, James, 77
Big Bethel AME Church, 19, 22, 30, 83, 95–98, 97, 98, 124, 198
Biltmore, 165
Birth Home Block, 12–37
Blayton, Jesse B., 79
Bloody Sunday, 70
Bond, Julian, 57, 139
Booker T. Washington High School, 19–20, 83, 125, 143
Borders, Julia Pate, 63–64
Borders, William Holmes, 57
Borders, William Holmes, Sr., 62–63, 64
Bowen, Ariel Serena Hedges, 57
Bowen, Edward, 72
Bowen, John W. E., Sr., 25
Brandon, J. S., 60, 106
Bridge, Edmund Pettus, 70
Browder v. Gayle, 66
Brown, A. Ten Eyck, 155
Bryant, Caroline Moore, 24
Bryant, Inman, 24
Bryant, Peter James, 24–25, 26–27, 60–61, 64, 144
Bryant, Sylvia, 26–27
Bryant-Graves House, 24–29, 27
Butler, Henry, Jr., 104–105
Butler, Henry Rutherford, 103–104
Butler, Selena Sloan, 103, 104–105
Butler Street Community Development Corporation, 102
Butler Street YMCA, 6, 21, 30, 40, 60, 103–110, 105, 109, 111
Buttrick Hall, 87
Butts, June Dobbs, 77, 83
C
Candler, Asa G., 162
Candler, William, 165
Carnegie, Andrew, 148
Carter, Jimmy, 42, 98
Cary, Alice Dugged, 148
Centennial Hall, 143–147, 144
Central Atlanta Progress, 101, 102
Charles Lincoln Harper House, 17–20, 18
Citizens Trust Bank, 117–122, 118, 121, 122
Civil Rights Act of 1964, 1, 32, 37, 70, 108, 121, 139, 163, 168, 180
Clark, Septima, 77
Clark Atlanta University, 107
Clinton, Bill, 65, 90, 98, 106
Club Poinciana, 127–128
Coca-Cola, 160–163, 161
Combs, John, 1
Combs, Laura Lavinia, 1, 2
convict leasing, 36
Cook, Samuel DuBois, 150
Cornish, Samuel, 25
Cotton, Dorothy, 77
Count Basie Orchestra, 127
Cox, Allen, 51
Cox, Charles, 51
Cox, Emily S., 51
Cox Brothers Funeral Home, 1, 51–57, 52, 54–55, 57
Creek people, 186
Crusade for Citizenship, 68
Crystal Palace, 135
Cunningham, Carrie, 57, 114
Curb Market, 154, 155–157, 158–159, 198
D
Davis, Benjamin Jefferson, Sr., 86–87
Davis, Jefferson, 28
Davis, Nellie L., 96
de Forest, Ricci, 79–80
Dinkins, David, 131
Dinkler, Carling, 165
District V (Girl Scout troupe), 124–126
Dixie Coca-Cola Bottling Company Plant, 160–163, 161
Dixon, Claude, 219
Dobbs, Irene Thompson, 57
Dobbs, John Wesley, 57, 71, 77, 81, 83, 84, 85, 98, 124, 131, 132, 138
Dobbs, Mattiwilda. See Janzon, Mattiwilda Dobbs
Dobbs Plaza, 81–85, 82, 85
Dortch, Thomas W., Jr., 132
Downtown Connector, 178, 184
Drexel, Katharine, 44
Driskell, Mabel, 124
Driver, Edward, 72
Du Bois, W. E. B., 26, 135, 140
Dugas, H. C., 117
Dupuy, Ben, 129
E
Ebenezer Baptist Church, 15, 27, 46, 47–50, 49, 50, 119
Edgewood Avenue, 35
Edison, Thomas, 88
education, 18–19, 27–28
Edwards, William Augustus, 87
Elkins, Willie T., 218
English, James W., 60
Evers, Medgar, 139
Ezzard, William, 29
F
Farmer, James, Jr., 69
Farokhi, Amir, 102
Farris, Christine King, 40, 193
Ferguson, Thomas J., 117
Fire Station No. 6, 34–37, 35, 37
Flatiron Building, 4
Fletcher, Jai, 58
Flipper, Joseph S., 98
Ford, Henry, II, 42
Fourth Ward. See Old Fourth Ward
Fowlkes, William A., 107
Franklin, Aretha, 116
Franklin, Shirley, 172
Frazier, Walt, 106
Freedom Rides, 69, 101, 139
Freedom’s Journal (newspaper), 25
G
Gate City Public School, 27–28
Georgia State, 143–147, 144
Georgia Teachers and Education Association, 20
Gibson, Jack, 79
Gillespie, Jessie, 137
Girl Scouts, 124–126, 200
Gold Dust Twins and the Atlanta Life Local Branch, 91–94, 92, 94
Goldston, Nathaniel, III, 131, 132
Goodman, Benny, 128
Grand United Order of Odd Fellows, 86–87
Gravel, Ryan, 188
Graves, Antoine, 27–28
Graves, Catherine Webb, 29
Gray Ladies, 105
Great Fire of Atlanta, 34–35, 61, 95, 155, 176
Great Society, 120
Green, James W., 130
H
Hall, Annette, Lucille, 145
Hall, Prince, 76
Hall, William, 76
Hamilton, Alexander, 21–22
Hamilton, Alexander D., 21, 22–23, 30, 106
Hamilton Howell House, 21–23, 22–23
Hammond, John, 127
Harper, Charles Lincoln, 17–20, 57, 83
Harris, Michael Neely, 64
Hartsfield, William B., 84, 107
Hatcher, Andrew, 132
Hayling, William, 131
Heaven Bound (Jones and Davis), 96
Helmick, Ralph, 81
Hemphill, Winifred Watts, 57
Henderson, D. L., 51
Henderson, J. Raymond, 62, 64
Hentz, Hal, 138
Herndon, Alonzo, 57, 108, 134–137, 143–145
Herndon, Jesse, 137
Herndon, Norris, 137, 145
Herndon Building, 91, 93
Herndon Home Museum, 136–137
Herren’s, 164–169, 166
Hill, Jesse, Jr., 57, 106, 108–110
Holiday, Billie, 128
Hooks, Henry, 219
Hope, John, 19
Hope, Lugenia Burns, 19
Hopson, Charles, 77
Howard, Ross, 77
Howell, George, 21
Hughes, Langston, 130
Humes, Helen, 127–128
Hungry Club Forum, 107, 108
Huntley, Lynn Walker, 140
Hurt, Joel, 184
Hyatt Regency Atlanta, 28
I
Indian Removal Act, 186
In Friendship, 68
Invest Atlanta Community Empowerment Fund Grant, 21
J
Jackson, Andrew, 59
Jackson, Andrew (president), 186
Jackson, Irene Dobbs, 57, 149
Jackson, Jesse, 77
Jackson, Maynard, Jr., 106, 107, 132, 150
Janzon, Mattiwilda Dobbs, 57, 71, 77, 83
Jenkins, Austin N., 25
Jesse Hill Jr. Drive, 35
Jim Crow, 148
John Lewis HERO Mural, 99–102, 100
Johnson, H. H., 193
Johnson, Johnnie, 127
Johnson, Lyndon, 70, 120–121, 162
John Wesley Dobbs Plaza, 81–85, 82, 85
Jones, Johnnie P., 218
Jones, Lula B., 96
Jones, Sonya, 90
Jordan, Millicent Dobbs, 57
Jordan, Vernon, 106
Joseph, Cheneé, 29
K
Kansas, Gene, 99, 102, 140, 202–203
Kennedy, John F., 119–120, 132
Kimble, E. W., 93
King, A. D. Williams, 56
King, Coretta Scott, 40, 42, 56, 162, 163, 179, 193
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 2, 14–16, 31, 39–72, 98, 124, 147, 162–163
King, Martin Luther, Sr., 15, 26–27, 47, 69, 119, 124
King, W. H., 117
King Center, 40–45
King Memorial MARTA Station, 180–185, 182–183
Kiningham, Clay, 4, 7
L
Lankford, J. A., 96
Lewis, John, 57, 69, 70, 99, 101, 102, 110, 131, 139, 141, 147
Lincoln, Abraham, 189
Lissner, Ignatius, 44
Little Richard, 128
Lotta Frutta, 177
Low, Juliette Gordon, 125
Lowery, Evelyn, 71
Lowery, Joseph, 77
Lowery, Joseph E., 66, 71
Lumpkin, Martha, 34
Lumpkin, Wilson, 34
Lyons, Ernest H., 219
M
Maddox, Lester, 163
Mandela, Nelson, 98
Mangum, Robert, 131
Marcus, Sidney, 107
Marshall, Thurgood, 84, 85
MARTA, 180–181
Marthasville, 34
Martin Luther King Jr. Birth Home, 14, 14–16, 32
Mays, Benjamin, 49, 56, 119
Mays, Sadie Gray, 56
McClellan, George B., 189
McDaniel, Hattie, 96
McGuire, Cyril Kent, 140
McKibbens, Robert, 218
McMillan, Elridge, 140
McNeil, Adrienne, 136
McPheeters, Annie L. Watters, 131, 149
Miller, Edward C., 71, 77
Milton, Lorimer D., 119
Montgomery Bus Boycott, 65, 109, 180
Moore, Dan, Sr., 139
Morehouse College, 49, 56, 66
Morris Brown College, 18–19
N
Nash, Diane, 77
National Center for Civil and Human Rights, 147, 170–173, 171, 172
National Medical Association, 104
Negri, Amalia, 167
Negri, Ed, 167
Negri, Guido, 164–165, 167
Negro History Collection of Non-Circulating Books, 148–149, 150
Neighborhood Union, 19
Niagara Movement, 26, 135
Nix, Madelyn, 125–126
O
Oakland Cemetery, 22, 29, 53–56
Odd Fellows Building and Annex, 86–90, 87, 88
Ogden, Peter, 86
Old Fourth Ward, 18, 34, 61, 155, 171–194
Old Fourth Ward Water Tower, 190, 191–194
Olympic Games (Summer, 1996), 170
100 Black Men of America, 130–132, 131, 133
Our Lady of Lourdes, 44–46, 45
P
Parker, John A., 47
Parks, Rosa, 65, 68, 109
Pecou, Fahamu, 185
Pemberton, John, 160
Perkins, Janis, 90
Perkins, Robert, 90
Perry, Herman E., 117
Pharrow, Robert E., 87
Pierce, Raymond C., 140
Pope, Roslyn, 125, 126
Portman, John C., Jr., 28
Prince Hall Masonic Lodge, 67, 71, 72, 73, 76–80, 78, 79, 199
Q
Quarles, Frank, 59
R
Randolph, A. Philip, 69
Ray, James Earl, 162
Reed, Kasim, 108
Reid, Ira D., 106–107
Reid, Neel, 106, 138
Robinson, A. J., 99
Robinson, Jackie, 132
Robinson, James A., 117
Robinson, Joseph, 143
Roosevelt, Franklin D., 96
Ross, Donata Russell, 147
Royal Peacock, 114–151
Royster, Jacqueline Jones, 197–203
R. S. Lewis Funeral Home, 49
Russell, Herman J., 57
Russell, Herman J., Jr., 147
Russell, Herman J., Sr., 146
Russell, Michael, Sr., 147
Russwurm, John, 25
Rustin, Bayard, 66, 69, 77
Ryan, Patrick, 44–45
S
Sanders, John, 219
Schwab, Sean, 99
Scott, C A., 123
Scott, Lucille, 107
Scott, M. Alexis, 123
Scott, William Alexander, 107, 123
Selma Voting Rights Campaign, 70
Shelton, Delores, 167–168
Shelton, Lee Raymond, 167, 169
Sherman, William Tecumseh, 34, 189
Shotgun Row Houses, 30–32, 31, 33
Shuttlesworth, Fred, 66, 77
sketchbook, 7
Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), 65–72, 77, 146
Southern Education Foundation (SEF), 139–141
Southern School Book Building, 138–142, 140, 142
South-View Cemetery, 56–57, 85, 137, 147
Steele, Charles Kenzie, 66
Steele, Charles R., Jr., 70
Storrs School, 28
Strickland, Willard, 218
Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC), 68–69, 125, 139
Studioplex, 179, 191–194, 192–194
Sweet Auburn, 10–11
Sweet Auburn Curb Market, 35
T
Tabor Building, 70–71
Taft, William Howard, 98
Terminus, 34, 186
Theatrical Outfit, 168–169
Thompson, Irene Ophelia, 83
Tillman, William Henry, 59, 64
Trail of Tears, 186
Turner, Henry M., 98
Tuskegee Institute, 19
U
Usher, Bazoline, 124
V
Vivian, C. T., 77
Voice of the Negro (newspaper), 25–26, 60–61
W
Walden, A. T., 84
Walker, Madame C. J., 77, 80
Warnock, Raphael, 47, 50
War on Poverty, 120
Washing Society, 60
Washington, Booker T., 26, 88, 98, 104, 191
Watkins, Ralph Basui, 64
Webb, Sinai Calhoun, 29
Wells, Ida B., 180
WERD (radio station), 72, 79
Weyandt, Matt, 99
Wheat Street Baptist Church, 59–64, 61, 62, 63, 106
Wheat Street Towers, 63
White, Maggie, 99
Williams, Adam Daniel, 15, 47–48
Williams, Alberta Christine, 131
Williams, Hosea, 70, 77
Williams, Peter, Jr., 25
Williams, Samuel W., 150
Wingate, Livingston, 132
Women’s Organizational Movement for Equality Now (WOMEN), 71
Woodruff, Ernest, 162
Woodruff, Robert Winship, 162
Woods, Joseph, 95
Woolard, Cathy, 188
Y
YMCA. See Butler Street YMCA
Young, Andrew, 77, 102, 107, 110, 146, 147, 172
Youngblood, Mtamanika, 21
Special thanks to Matthew White Indexing
Additional Reading
Chapter 1. The Birth Home Block
CHARLEs LINCOLN HARPER HOUSE
“Charles Lincoln Harper.” City of Atlanta Mayor’s Office of Cultural Affairs. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.ocaatlanta.com/public_art/charles-lincoln-harper/.
“535 Auburn Avenue, ne Historic Structure Report.” National Park Service, Cultural Resources, Partnerships and Science Division, Southeast Region. August 2019. http://npshistory.com/publications/malu/hsr-535-auburn.pdf.
Walker, Vanessa Siddle. The Lost Education of Horace Tate: Uncovering the Hidden Heroes Who Fought for Justice in Schools. New York: New Press, 2018.
“Welcome Message.” Big Bethel ame Church. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.bigbethelame.org/Welcome-Message.
HAMILTON HOWELL HOUSE
Caldwell, Arthur Bunyan. “Alexander Daniel Hamilton.” In History of the American Negro and His Institutions, Georgia Edition, 86–88. Atlanta: A. B. Caldwell, 1917. https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=hvd.32044015579857&view=1up&seq=106&q1=Alexander%20hamilton.
Craig, Robert M. “Alexander Hamilton and Son.” New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified August 7, 2013. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/alexander-hamilton-and-son.
“A Walking Tour of Sweet Auburn in Atlanta.” nbc News. May 30, 2006. https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna12923155.
BRYANT-GRAVES HOUSE
“Bryant Preparatory Institute.” VoiceMap. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://voicemap.me/tour/atlanta-georgia/exploring-sweet-auburn-a-civil-rights-history-tour/sites/bryant-preparatory-institute-3.
“Freedom’s Journal, the First U.S. African-American Owned Newspaper.” Wisconsin Historical Society. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS4415.
Pfingsten, Bill. “Bryan-Graves House.” Historical Marker Database. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=73179.
FIRE STATION NO.6
“Fire Station No. 6—A Brief History.” National Park Service, May 19, 2015. https://www.nps.gov/malu/learn/historyculture/fsn6-brief-history.htm.
Sams, Douglas. “Atlanta’s Best Architecture: Fire Station No. 6, mlk District (SLIDESHOW).” Atlanta Business Chronicle, February 17, 2016. https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/real_talk/2016/02/atlantas-best-architecture-fire-station-no-6-mlk.html.
Chapter 2. MLK
T H E K I N G C E N T E R
Eskew, Glenn T. “King Center.” New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified January 10, 2014. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/history-archaeology/king-center.
“Georgia: Martin Luther King, Jr. National Historical Park.” National Park Service. Last updated June 18, 2020. https://www.nps.gov/places/georgia-martin-luther-king-jr-national-historical-park.htm.
The King Center. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://thekingcenter.org/.
OUR LADY OF LOURDES
“History.” Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://lourdesatlanta.org/history/.
“Our Lady of Lourdes Catholic Church.” Georgia Historical Society. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://georgiahistory.com/ghmi_marker_updated/our-lady-of-lourdes-catholic-church-atlantas-first-african-american-catholic-church/.
WHEAT STREET BAPTIST CHURCH
Du Bois, W. E. B. The Negro Church. 1903. Eugene, Ore.: Cascade Books, 2011.
Hatfield, Edward A. “William Holmes Borders.” New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified August 24, 2020. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/william-holmes-borders-1905-1993.
“Our Story.” Wheat Street Baptist Church. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.wearewheatstreet.org/our-story.
“Wheat Street Tower.” tsw. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.tsw-design.com/portfolio-items/wheat-street-tower-and-annex-building/.
SOUTHERN CHRISTIAN LEADERSHIP CONFERENCE
“Behind the Masonic Symbols: The Cornerstone.” Free and Accepted Masons, Grand Lodge of Ohio. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.freemason.com/behind-masonic-symbols-cornerstone/.
Cooksey, Elizabeth C. “Southern Christian Leadership Conference.” New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified October 26, 2012. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/southern-christian-leadership-conference-sclc/.
Peters, Andy. “$10.2 Million Project to Restore Home of sclc, mlk’s Office.” Atlanta Journal Constitution, March 1, 2021. https://www.ajc.com/news/atlanta-news/102-million-project-to-restore-home-of-sclc-mlks-office/JTLKP6KGVJETDIVSRCBFBXG2MA/.
“Prince Hall Masonic Grand Lodge.” Atlanta History Center. Accessed February 18, 2024. https://www.atlantahistorycenter.com/prince-hall-masonic-grand-lodge/.
“Prince Hall Masonic Lodge.” Georgia Tech: Building Memories. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://leading-edge.iac.gatech.edu/building-memories/prince-hall-masonic-lodge/.
“Protecting the Cultural Resources.” National Park Service. Last updated October 8, 2020. https://www.nps.gov/malu/protecting-the-cultural-resources.htm.
Ransby, Barbara. Ella Baker and the Black Freedom Movement: A Radical Democratic Vision. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2003.
Richards, Raymond C. “Black History Month 1994: Empowering Afro-American Organizations: Present and Future (History of Selected African-American Organizations).” Defense Equal Opportunity Management Institute. October 1993. https://www.defenseculture.mil/Portals/90/Observance%20Archives/BHM/2002-2015/PRES-1994BHM.pdf?ver=2020-06-01-100205-420.
“Who Was Ella Baker?” Ella Baker Center for Human Rights. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://ellabakercenter.org/who-was-ella-baker/.
Chapter 3. Dobbs
THE PRINCE HALL MASONIC LODGE
“The Madame CJ Walker Museum.” Accessed February 18, 2024. www.madamecjwalkermuseum.com.
“Prince Hall Masonic Grand Lodge.” Atlanta History Center. Accessed February 18, 2024. https://www.atlantahistorycenter.com/prince-hall-masonic-grand-lodge/.
JOHN WESLEY DOBBS PLAZA
“Biography of Charles L. Harper.” Atlanta Public Schools. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.atlantapublicschools.us/Page/60053.
Hatfield, Edward A. “Auburn Avenue.” New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified September 24, 2020. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/counties-cities-neighborhoods/auburn-avenue-sweet-auburn.
“Through His Eyes.” City of Atlanta Mayor’s Office of Cultural Affairs. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://ocaatlanta.com/archives/public_art/through-his-eyes.
ODD FELLOWS BUILDING AND ANNEX
“Atrium on Sweet Auburn.” Atlanta Downtown. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.atlantadowntown.com/go/atrium-on-sweet-auburn.
“1912 Facts and Trivia.” Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication. https://web.archive.org/web/20120509044228/http://www.aejmc100.org/trivia/.
“Odd Fellows Building.” Atlanta History Center. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://album.atlantahistorycenter.com/digital/collection/athpc/id/83.
“Oddfellows Building.” Easements Atlanta. Accessed December 27, 2023. http://easementsatlanta.org/portfolio-item/oddfellows-building/.
“Odd Fellows Building and Atrium.” Library of Congress. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.loc.gov/pictures/item/ga0209/.
Poole, Shelia. “A Testament to Black Businesses: Odd Fellows Building Observes Centennial.” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, May 1, 2013. https://www.ajc.com/news/local/testament-black-businesses-odd-fellows-building-observes-centennial/KZOTWB0gR8q2JV2szDe7mJ/.
Thomas, Velma Maia. “Centennial Celebration: The Odd Fellows Buildings.” Atlanta Daily World, April 29, 2013. https://atlantadailyworld.com/2013/04/29/centennial-celebration-the-odd-fellows-buildings/.
BIG BETHEL AFRICAN METHODIST EPISCOPAL (AME) CHURCH
Carmolingo, Nicole. “Big Bethel African Methodist Episcopal Church.” New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified July 15, 2020. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/big-bethel-african-methodist-episcopal-church/.
Coleman, Gregory D. “Heaven Bound.” New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified August 22, 2013. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/heaven-bound/.
Coleman, Gregory D. We’re Heaven Bound!: Portrait of a Black Sacred Drama. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1992.
“History.” Morris Brown College. https://morrisbrown.edu/history/. Accessed December 27, 2023.
BUTLER STREET YMCA
Davis, Townsend. Weary Feet, Rested Souls: A Guided History of the Civil Rights Movement. New York: W. W. Norton, 1999.
Lamar, Harold D. “Members of Omega Psi Phi Create the Hungry Club Forum of the Butler ymca.” Atlanta Inquirer, November 18, 2020. https://atlinq.com/members-of-omega-psi-phi-create-the-hungry-club-forum-of-the-butler-ymca/.
Mapp, Wesley. “They Close the Butler Street ymca and What Will Blacks DO to Save it!” Patch, December 13, 2012. https://patch.com/georgia/cascade/bp—they-close-the-butler-street-ymca-and-what-will-b9b5b361225.
“Selena Sloan Butler.” Georgia Women of Achievement. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.georgiawomen.org/selena-sloan-butler.
Smith, Kimberly. “Jesse Hill: A Life in Photos.” Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.ajc.com/news/local-obituaries/jesse-hill-life-photos/CbeYNQMvn07RXfnbn4NwDO/.
Smith, John B., Jr. “Remembering Atlanta Business Icon Jesse Hill, Jr.” Atlanta Inquirer, December 18, 2012. https://atlinq.com/remembering-atlanta-business-icon-jesse-hill-jr/.
Chapter 4. Auburn at Piedmont
THE ROYAL PEACOCK
Image. Library of Congress. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/pnp/habshaer/ga/ga0200/ga0211/photos/056731pv.jpg.
“Juneteenth: Royal Peacock.” Atlanta History Center. Accessed February 18, 2024. https://www.atlantahistorycenter.com/programs-events/public-programs/juneteenth/royal-peacock/.
“186 Auburn Avenue.” Library of Congress. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.loc.gov/resource/hhh.ga0211.photos/?sp=7.
O’Neill, Connor Towne. “Nightclubbing: Royal Peacock.” Red Bull Music Academy. August 18, 2016. https://daily.redbullmusicacademy.com/2016/08/royal-peacock-nightclubbing-feature.
Ruggieri, Melissa. “The ‘Queen of Soul,’ Aretha Franklin, Dies at 76.” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, August 16, 2018. https://www.ajc.com/blog/music/the-queen-soul-aretha-franklin-dies/lUdi4s865m8XWKhtRadQKJ/.
Waterhouse, Jon. “5 Places That Defined Atlanta’s Culture as You Know It.” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, March 15, 2016. https://www.ajc.com/places/places-that-defined-atlanta-culture-you-know/1pGgWlmVnISiHOQcPsblnL/.
CITIZENS TRUST BANK
“Black History Month and Credit Unions.” New Orleans Firemen’s Federal Credit Union. February 14, 2022. https://www.noffcu.org/articles/article/2022/02/black-history-month-and-credit-unions.
Caro, Robert A. The Years of Lyndon Johnson. 4 vols. New York: Penguin Random House, 1982–2012.
“Citizens Trust Company.” Digital Library of Georgia. “https://dlg.usg.edu/record/gsu_lane_4503?canvas=0&x=551&y=618&w=4258.
“Economic Opportunity Act.” Britannica. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Economic-Opportunity-Act.
“Great Society.” History.com. Last updated August 28, 2018. https://www.history.com/topics/1960s/great-society.
Lewis, Willard C. “Citizens Trust Bank.” New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified October 30, 2021. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/citizens-trust-bank.
“Our Legacy.” Citizens Trust Bank. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://ctbconnect.com/history/.
Willis, Haisten. “Nearly 100 Years Old, Black-Owned Citizens Trust Bank Champions Homeownership, Development.” Atlanta Journal-Constitution, February 18, 2020. https://www.ajc.com/business/committed-the-community/vxca8AuhxALRadmZJ5UyfN/.
Wilson, Kwanjai. “Kenley’s, a Place to Remember.” Diversity in Downtown, April 14, 2016. https://kwanjaiwilson.wordpress.com/2016/04/14/kenleys-a-place-to-remember/.
ATLANTA DAILY WORLD BUILDING
Sverdlik, Alan. “Atlanta Daily World.” New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified March 18, 2021. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/atlanta-daily-world/.
100 BLACK MEN OF AMERICA
Atlanta City Directory for 1899. Atlanta: Atlanta City Directory Co., 1899. https://archive.org/details/atlantacitydirec1899vvbu/page/126/mode/2up.
“Martin Luther King, Jr., National Historic Site: Historic Resource Study.” National Park Service, Southeast Division, August 1993. http://npshistory.com/publications/malu/hrs.pdf.
“Nathaniel R. Goldston, III.” HistoryMakers. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/nathaniel-r-goldston-iii.
“Our History, Our Foundation and Its Recognizable Impact.” 100 Black Men of America. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://100blackmen.org/our-history/.
SOUTHERN SCHOOL BOOK BUILDING
Strahorn, Deborah, Marcy Breffle, and Adina Langer. “Apex and Oakland: Partnership for Black History Education, Part 1.” National Council on Public History, May 21, 2019. https://ncph.org/history-at-work/apex-and-oakland-part-1/.
CENTENNIAL HALL
“Centennial Hall.” Georgia State University. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://events.gsu.edu/explore-event-spaces/centennial-hall/.
Chenault, Wesley. “Herman J. Russell.” New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified September 17, 2020. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/business-economy/herman-j-russell-1930-2014/.
“H. J. Russell Center for Entrepreneurship.” Georgia State University. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://eni.gsu.edu/hjrussell-center-for-entrepreneurship/.
“Norris Bumstead Herndon.” Herndon Foundation. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.theherndonfoundation.org/biography/norris-bumstead-herndon/.
“Russell Innovation Center for Entrepreneurs.” Russell Center. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://russellcenter.org/.
Saporta, Maria. “Atlanta Life Selling Downtown Headquarters to Georgia State.” Atlanta Business Chronicle, May 4, 2012. https://www.bizjournals.com/atlanta/print-edition/2012/05/04/atlanta-life-selling-downtown.html.
AUBURN AVENUE RESEARCH LIBRARY
“Auburn Avenue Research Library.” Georgia Tech: Building Memories. https://leading-edge.iac.gatech.edu/building-memories/auburn-avenue-research-library/.
Chapter 5. Edgewood and Downtown
THE CURB MARKET
Craig, Robert M. “A. Ten Eyck Brown.” New Georgia Encyclopedia. Last modified December 7, 2016. https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/a-ten-eyck-brown-1878-1940/.
Kansas, Gene, with guests Pam Joiner, Richard Laub, Tim Borchers, Steven Smith, and Keith Schroeder. “The Curb Market.” Sidewalk Radio, episode 35, August 26, 2013. http://sidewalkradio.com/episodes/single/93.
“Yesterday.” Municipal Market. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://municipalmarketatl.com/about/yesterday/.
DIXIE COCA-COLA BOTTLING COMPANY PLANT
“The Birth of a Refreshing Idea: Coca-Cola History.” Coca-Cola Company. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.coca-colacompany.com/company/history/the-birth-of-a-refreshing-idea.
Burns, Rebecca. “Funeral.” Atlanta, April 1, 2008. https://www.atlantamagazine.com/great-reads/mlk-funeral-1968/.
“Dixie Coca-Cola Bottling Company Plant.” City of Atlanta, Ga. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.atlantaga.gov/government/departments/city-planning/office-of-design/urban-design-commission/dixie-coca-cola-bottling-company-plant.
“Dixie Coca-Cola Bottling Company Plant.” National Park Service. Accessed February 18, 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20090131023405/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1723&ResourceType=Building.
“The History of 125 Edgewood Avenue.” Baptist Collegiate Ministries at gsu. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.bcmgsu.org/history/.
“International Civil Rights Walk of Fame: Ivan Allen.” National Park Service. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.nps.gov/features/malu/feat0002/wof/ivan_allen.htm.
National Historic Landmark Nomination for Dixie Coca-Cola Bottling Company Plant. Submitted September 5, 2009. National Park Service. https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP/GetAsset/NHLS/77000428_text.
HERREN’S
“Herren’s Restaurant: An Urban Story.” Georgia Tech: Building Memories. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://leading-edge.iac.gatech.edu/building-memories/herrens-restaurant-an-urban-story/.
“History.” Theatrical Outfit. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.theatricaloutfit.org/about-us/history/.
Negri, Ed. Herren’s: An Atlanta Landmark. Roswell, Ga.: Roswell Publishing, 2005.
Negri, Steven. “Ye Olde Herren’s Restaurant.” Adventures Before and After, August 18, 2015. https://stevenegri.wordpress.com/2015/08/18/ye-olde-herrens-restaurant/.
NATIONAL CENTER FOR CIVIL AND HUMAN RIGHTS
“About the Center.” National Center for Civil and Human Rights. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://www.civilandhumanrights.org/about-the-center/.
“A Case Study in Georgia’s Business History: 1996 Summer Olympic Games.” Georgia Historical Society. Accessed December 27, 2023. https://georgiahistory.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/GWCCA-12-4-17.pdf.
“National Center for Civil and Human Rights / hok + The Freelon Group (Now part of Perkins+Will).” Arch Daily. July 22, 2015. https://www.archdaily.com/770551/national-center-for-civil-and-human-rights-the-freelon-group-architects-plus-hok.
Chapter 6. Old Fourth Ward
ABOUT O4W
Severance, Margaret. Official Guide to Atlanta: Including Information of the Cotton States and International Exposition. Atlanta: Foot and Davies, 1895.
KING MEMORIAL MARTA STATION
Giesberg, Judith. Army at Home: Women and the Civil War on the Northern Home Front. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2012.
“History of Metropolitan Atlanta Rapid Transit Authority.” Wikipedia. Accessed February 18, 2024. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Metropolitan_Atlanta_Rapid_Transit_Authority.
Kansas, Gene, with guests Ted Freeman, Brian Bell, Heather Alhadeff, and Paul Grether. “MARTA Art, Architecture and History.” Sidewalk Radio, episode 10, July 14, 2011. http://sidewalkradio.com/episodes/single/24.
“Southwest Atlanta and the Original Streetcars.” Atlanta BeltLine, April 16, 2015. https://beltline.org/2015/04/16/southwest-atlanta-and-the-original-streetcars/.
Wells, Ida B. Crusade for Justice: The Autobiography of Ida B. Wells. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970.
OLD FOURTH WARD WATER TOWER
Leland, John. “A Tale of Two Downtowns.” New York Times, October 12, 2000. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/12/garden/a-tale-of-two-downtowns-after-worst-of-times-building-for-the-best.html.
Minor, Stephanie. “Just What Is That Tower in the Old Fourth Ward?” Atlanta, November 14, 2013. https://www.atlantamagazine.com/article/just-what-is-that-tower-in-the-old-fourth-ward/.
Moore, Jacqueline M. “Booker T. Washington’s 1895 Atlanta Exposition Speech (1908 Recreation).” Library of Congress. https://www.loc.gov/static/programs/national-recording-preservation-board/documents/BookerT.pdf.
Washington, Booker T. “The Atlanta Exposition Address.” National Park Service. Last updated July 16, 2021. https://www.nps.gov/bowa/learn/historyculture/atlanta1-1.htm.